THE HISTORY OF THE BRITISH is well documented back to Roman Britain.  We start with a brief summary of the Saxons and Romans because our primary interest is establishing truth about the history of Britain before the Romans first came to these islands in 55 BC.

Most people know of history back to William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy who invaded these islands in 1066 and from whom most of our monarchs were descended.  Before the Normans, the Saxons ruled, who were themselves invaders.  Even before this both the Saxons shared these islands with other invaders; the Danes, the Scots and the Picts.  The Saxon kings could trace their ancestry through kings such as Aethelewulf (839-858) of the House of Wessex who himself was descended from King Gerdic (519-534).  King Aethelbert was ruler when Augustine brought the Roman Catholic Church to these islands in 597 AD.
 

THE SAXONS:

Northern Britain was in constant fear of attack by the Scots.  In desperation King Vortigern of the Britons invited the heathen Saxons to help them against the Scots and the Picts and they came under the leadership of Hors and Hengist in 449.  They came in great swarms, according to Bede and they became a terror to the people.  Geoffrey says that when the people saw this they told the king to drive them out of the borders of his kingdom but he refused as he loved the Saxons above all other nations, on account of Hengist's daughter Rowen (Renwein) whom he had taken to wife polygamously.  The people deserted Vortigern for his son Vortimer whom he had begotten by his first wife.  Vortimer won four great battles against the Saxons after making an alliance with the Scots and drove them out of Britain.  He was then poisoned by Rowen.

Hengist returned in 461 with 3000 armed men and Vortigern objected to this large invasion and fought with him. The Saxons raped, pillaged, wasted and overran the whole kingdom.  They pulled down the churches and murdered the priests.  Men fled overseas leaving their wives and daughters to the Saxons.  Others fled to the forests and caves far to the north or south to Cornwall, Wales or Scotia.

EIGHT KINGDOMS OF ENGLAND:
When Aurelius Ambrosius who reigned from 480 to 501, became king he captured and executed Hengist at Kaerconan (Conisborough).  Britain was then divided up into eight kingdoms:  Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex, Anglia, Mercia, Deira and Bernicia.  The two latter kingdoms were the old kingdom of Northumbria divided but soon restored.

The struggle between the Saxons, Scots, Britons and latterly the Angles continued.  The rest can be read about in history books.  The Saxons dominated in England, so named after the Angles.
 

THE BARBARIANS:

The historian Paulus says that the Romans withdrew and enemies came over the sea and trampled and consumed everything they came across.  Bede says that the Scots and the Picts destroyed the wall we call Hadrian's Wall and seized much of the north of Britain.  The Isle of Britain was invaded from all sides after the Romans left.  The Scots and Picts sent a letter, according to Bede, inviting the Romans back into Britain to protect them.  "The barbarians drive us back to the sea; the sea drives us back to the barbarians.  Between them two kinds of death are instore for us; we are either murdered or drowned,"  No help came.

PALLADIUS:
According to Bede, Socrates and Polychronicon, Pope Celestinus sent Palladius to Scotia as the first Catholic Bishop to spread the Catholic faith.  Polychronicon stresses that the Scots had long been of the Christian faith.  He says; "(He) taught them the orthodox faith, although they had for a long time previously believed in Christ.  Before his arrival the Scots had, as teachers  of the faith and administers of the Sacraments, priests only or monks , following the rite of the primitive Church."

SCOTLAND:
The Scots were led by many great kings and queens such as Kenneth MacAlpine who framed the MacAlpine laws.  Another was Malcolm Canmore who married (Saint) Margaret of England.  They were both Christians and were known for giving away their wealth to the poor.  Their descendants were the later Stuarts.

FERGUS THE GREAT:
In 403 AD, Fergus, son of Erth (or Erc) leads his army but is joined by the Picts who restore their castles to the Scots.  They regain the kingdom which had been held by the Romans and the Britons for 43 years.  They expelled the Romans and Britons with great slaughter.  Later the Romans and the Britons establish a great victory over the Scots and the Picts and King Fergus is killed.  The Scots and Picts are driven back across the Tyne.

King Yvor (664-703) and King Yni (664-704) ruled jointly and were our last true "British" kings.  Well, who are the British?  You will have to make up your own mind about that!  All claimants are descended from invaders at some time or another, as you will see!  After the death of Yni the British were driven back into the hills and became the Welsh of today.  They were the last of 7 generations of rulers of southern Britain.  Another notable ruler was King Arthur (of round table fame) who became king at the age of 15 years and ruled from 521 to 542.  He was the son of King Uther Pendragon (501-521).
 

THE ROMANS.

We are not going to dwell on the period of time the Romans ruled these islands.  King Coel (306-309) of "Old King Cole" fame, was a rebellious old sole against his Roman masters, Colchester is named after him.  His daughter, Helena, was married to a Roman Senator, Constantius, who ruled Britain from 306 to 309 and were the parents of Constantine "the Great".  In 312 Constantine the Great became king of the Britons and later became Emperor of Rome.  He was a pagan but legalised the Christian church forming the early Catholic Church.  Maximus, cousin of Constantine, came to Britain and made war against the Scots and Picts and divides them.  Then he led the Britons and the Picts against the Scots, driving them out of the Roman kingdom.  After the death of Maximus the Scots begin to win back their kingdom.  It was at this time that the "Relics of the Blessed Apostle Andrew" were taken to Constantinople and then part of them brought to Albany by Abbot Regulas at the time of Hurgust, King of the Picts.  Britain at this time was, of course, ruled by Rome through puppet kings.

BRITAIN'S FIRST CHRISTIAN KING:
King Lucius was the last of a long line of British kings.  He ruled between 137 - 186 AD.  He was Britain's first Christian king.  He resisted paying tribute to Rome but on his death things began to change.  This was the time of Commodus, Emperor of Rome.  Tribunes were appointed by Rome instead of British kings.  The first of these was Geta who was elected Tribune by the Roman Senate in 186 on the death of Lucius.

The Scots and the Picts fought each other as well as the Briton's who were backed by the Romans.  Soon the Scots made a treaty with the Picts and they concentrated their energies on making war with the Briton's.  Emperor Severus then built a wall across the northern part of Roman Britain to keep out the Scots and Picts.  Fulgentius leads an army of Scots and Picts down to York and besieges the city slaying Severus.  As the Roman might began to fade the Scots and the Picts made a covenant with Carausius, King of Britain and together they fought the Romans.

Before this Julius Caeser sent an embassy to all three kings exhorting them to submit to the Romans.  The Scots and Picts send him a stinging refusal.  Cassibellaunus (Cassivellaunus or Casswallon) who was king of the Britons from 58 BC to 38 BC also resisted the Romans but was finally starved into submission.  Britain is defeated by the Romans.  There followed more wars between the Britons and the Scots and Picts but this time Britain is backed by the Roman might.  Nevertheless they did not subdue the Scots although they did conquer the region of Albania beyond the Scottish Firth.

Before 55 BC and the first attempt by the Romans to subdue Britain we are, as mentioned before, often led to believe that our ancestors were just "hunter-gatherers" as it fits their own evolutionist beliefs but that is not so as you will see.  There were great civilisations in Britain which can be traced back to Noah and the flood related in the Bible.  Many of our place names testify to this.  We will now trace in more detail the history of the British before Roman times.  Come with me back through the mists of time where many surprises await you:
 
 

CASSIVELAUNUS:
It was King Lucius' great, great, great, great, great uncle King Cassivelaunus (Casswallon) who withstood the
invasion of the Romans in 55 BC under Julius Caesar.  He reigned from 58 to 38 BC.  He was betrayed by his nephew, Androgeus, Duke of Kent, and was starved into submission.  In spite of this Caesar fled in the face of fierce resistance.  Androgeus fled the country with him.

LUD [Llud] (73-58 BC):
Lud ordered the rebuilding of London's walls and towers.  Up to this point London had been known as Trinovantum but now it became known as Kaerlud, or the City of Lud.  This was later corrupted to Kaerlundein or City of Lundein, a small step to City of London.  Lud is buried in London close to Ludgate which bears his name.  Lud had two sons, Androgeus, Duke of Kent and Tenvantius (Tasclovanus), Duke of Cornwall but neither were considered suitable to succeed their father which was how Cassivelaunus, Lud's brother, became king.  This was behind Androgeus' betrayal of him.

HELI (113-73 BC):
Lud's father was Heli, the end of a long line of kings stretching over 200 years.  Although we have the names of them, details of them are sketchy, as are the dates but they reigned an average of just over 5 years each.         .

Historical context:  Rome conquers Gaul and Greece.  Beginning of Han Dynasty in China.

DIGUEILLIUS who's reign ended in 113 BC.  He is reputed to have been a just and fair ruler.

CAPOIR,

PIR,

PENESSIL,

SAMUIL,

REDECHIUS,

REDON,

ELDOL,

ARCHMAIL who succeeded his brother Beldgabred.

BELDGABRED was known as the god of the minstrels because of the skill he had as a musician.

SISSILLIUS III, father of Beldgabred and Archmail.

OENUS

CAP

BLEDUDO

MERIANUS

GURGINTIUS

CLOTENUS

CLEDAUCUS

ELLUD

URIANUS

ANDRAGIUS who succeeded his brother.

EDADUS who succeeded his brother.

FULGENIUS who succeeded his father.

CHERIN

PORREX II

MILIUS

CATELUS

GERENNUS
RUNO and IDVALLO (weeks).
ENNIANUS (a tyrannical ruler who was deposed)
MARGANUS II (a wise and good king with a tranquil reign which began in 289 BC)
AN UNNAMED KING who reigned from 291 to 289 BC.

All the above were grandsons of Morvidus, king of all Britain and he had 5 sons, Gorbonianus, Archgallo, Elidurus, Ingenius and Peredurus.

GORBONIANUS succeeded his father, Morvidus, in 336 BC and was renowned for his goodness as a king.  He died in 330 BC.

ARCHGALLO:  Morvidus' second son Archgallo succeeded his brother reigning from 330 to 326 BC.  //he was a tyrannical ruler and was deposed by the nobility who gave the kingdom to his younger brother Elidurus.

ELIDURUS THE DUTIFUL showed great compassion towards his brother gave him back his kingdom after 5 years in 321 BC.

ARCHGALLO, having learned his lesson, then ruled wisely for 10 years until his death in 311 BC.

ELIDURUS became king again and ruled until 306 BC when his 2 younger brothers Ingenius and Peredurus deposed him and imprisoned him in a tower.  They divided the kingdom into two.

INGENIUS became king of the southern half of Britain which he ruled for a further 7 years from 306 to 299 BC before he died.

PEREDURUS ruled the northern half of Britain, including Albany, from 306 until the death of his brother in 299 BC when he became king of all Britain.

ELIDURUS then regained the whole of Britain again and ruled from 296 until his death in 291 BC.  He had ruled 3 times.

Now we continue to go back in time once again.

Historical context:  Alexander the Great, Ch'in dynasty in China and the Great wall of China built.

MORVIDUS (341 to 336 BC) the father and grandfather of the afore mentioned, was an evil man.  He was noted for his ferocious and uncontrollable temper.  He was cruel to those he had defeated in battle.  When he defeated one set of invaders he personally put each prisoner of war to death one by one by the sword.  Finally he became so exhausted that he had to stop so he had the rest skinned alive and them burned.  Nevertheless he was a skilled warrior and when, in 336 BC, he went to fight a monstrous animal single handed, fitting the description of a dinosaur, it killed and ate him.

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This was the time of King Fergus I of the Scots (c330 BC).  It came to pass that the Picts had begun to treat the Scots badly and they began to exist in misery.  A certain young man, "noble and of unbounded prowess" seeing that his people were leaderless took upon himself leader.  He was Fergus, son of Ferechad (Farchadus or Fiachra) and descended from Simon Brek.  He constituted himself the first King of the Scots in Albany and brought many more Scots out of Ireland.
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DANIUS, who succeeded his elder brother Kinarius and ruled from 347 to 341 BC, and his wife Tanguesteaia were the parents of Morvidus.

KINARIUS (352 to 347 BC) succeeded his father.

SISILLIUS II (363 to 352 BC) reigned for 11 years of which the first 5 years his mother, Queen Marcia, ruled during his minority.

GUITHELIN (who's wife was Queen Marcia) ruled from 369 to 363 BC and was a benevolent ruler.  Marcia was a learned woman who codified the Marcian Laws (Lew Martiana).  It is worth noting that the much later King Alfred the Great translated these Marcian Laws, believing them to be named after the much later Saxon King of Mercia.  Marcia was regent from 363 to 358 BC.

GURGUIT (Barbtruc) reigned from 374 to 369 BC and succeeded his father Belinus.  He was a lover of peace and justice.  However, the King of Denmark withdrew his tribute so he invaded Denmark to assert his authority.  He died and lies buried in the City of Caerleon-on-Usk (meaning; "Camp of the Legion") near Newport, Gwent.

BELINUS (380 to 374 BC) became king of Loegria (England), Cambria (Wales) and Cornwall on his father's death.  He became king of the rest of Britain when he defeated his brother Brennius.  He was a great road builder and he built Billingsgate in London which is named after him.  He also subdued the king of Denmark and exacted tribute from him.

BRENNIUS, king of Northumbria and Albany, and married to the daughter of the king of Norway, was defeated by his brother Belinus.

DUNVALLO (MOLMUTIUS) who's wife was Tonguenna.  He ruled from 420 to 380 BC.  The son of Cloten he united a divided kingdom.  He ruled Cornwall first but set out to conquer the rest of England and very nearly did.  He ruled all but Northumbria and Albany and had the title of King of Britain.  He was one of our greatest kings and during his 40 years reign he codified the Molmutine Laws which lasted until the Middle Ages.  He punish severely crimes of violence so they were virtually unheard of.

CLOTEN who ruled Cornwall from 430 to 420 BC.  He was one of the 5 kings who emerged from the long running civil war.

PINNER king of Leogra (England) from 440 to 430 BC.  He was killed in battle.

THREE OTHER UNNAMED KINGS of Cambria (Wales), Northumbria and Albany (Scotland).

ESTIMATED 257 YEARS OF CIVIL WAR.  5 rival kingdoms fought for supremacy.

Historical context:  Babylonian captivity of Jews, Ezekiel, Ezra, Kings, Chronicles written.  Pythagoras' Law of Maths, Confucious, End of Chou dynasty in China and decline of Egypt.

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PICTS ARRIVE IN IRELAND, THEN SCOTLAND:
At about this time many more Picts were coming from Aquitania and asked to settle in Ireland but were refused.  However, the Scots of Ireland, seeing they had no women with them, gave them their daughters in marriage, when asked, to ensure an alliance.  However, according the Bede, there was a condition which was that when they chose their next leader they had to chose from the women only to ensure this strong alliance.  This they agreed and for generations had women leaders.  They went to Albany to settle.  Others also coming from Scythia settled first in Aquitania and named their country Pictavi.  Later their leader Agenor brought them to northern Britain and they settled there.

However, when the Picts took the women with them out of affection for them their kinsfolk followed; fathers, mothers, brothers, sisters, nieces and nephews.  Thus the first real move of the Scots came from Ireland to the land of Albion or Albany (Scotland).  Then as time went on many more followed after hearing of the fertile soil and they brought their herds with them.  In addition whoever fell fowl of the Scots law in Ireland went to live with the Picts in Albany.

ISLE OF BUTE OR ROTHAY:
Ethachius Rothay, the great grandson of Simon Brek, sailed to the Isle of Britain going north and landed on a smaller island which he named after himself; the Isle of Rothisay, later Rothay.  Many years later St. Brandon went to the isle and built a shrine which is called a "booth" or "bothe" in their language.  The isle became known as the Isle of Bothe, now Bute.

SIMON BREK:
The Irish Chronicles tell us that at this time Simon Brek led the third colonisation of Ireland from Spain.  His name in Scottish is Smonbricht and in Latin it is Simon Varius or Lentiginosus.  He was the son of King Fonduf who was the ruler of the Scots in Spain.  His lineage can be traced through 20 generations back to King Mycelius Espayn.  He was a great leader and he increased the population with new followers he brought from Hispani (Spain).  All this happened at the time of that wicked king of Judah, Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, who reigned from 697 to 642 BC.

It was this Simon Brek who is credited with bringing from Spain, the Throne of Stone.  The "Legend of St. Congal" says his father had it carved in marble for him to bring.  Another legend has it that Gaythelos brought it out of Egypt with him.  This chair was placed on the highest point in Ireland where future kings would be enthroned.

This time is the earliest record of this race being called Scots.  There were two camps or tribes by now, one calling themselves Gaythelians as they said they were descended from the Greeks.  The other group claimed they were descended from the Egyptians and named themselves Scots after Scotia, daughter of Pharaoh.  Gradually the name Gaythelians became less common and the name Scots took over.  For 4 generations they lived in Ireland and the people multiplied greatly in peace and prosperity.

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FERREX and PORREX I were the sons of king Gorboduc and quarrelled constantly as to who should succeed their senile father.  Then when their father died Ferrex fled to Gaul from where he launched an army, supported by Suhard, king of the Franks, against Porrex but was killed in the ensuing battle.  Judon, their mother, on hearing of the death of Ferrex, hacked Porrex to death in his sleep!

GORBODUC (who's queen was Judon) reigned from 717 to 697 BC and son of Kimarcus.

KIMARCUS (737 - 717 BC), son of Iago.

IAGO (757 - 737 BC), nephew of Gurgustius.

SISILLIUS I (777 - 757), son of Gurgustius.

GURGUSTIUS (797 - 777 BC), son of Rivallo.

RIVALLO (815 - 797 BC), son of Cunedagius.  He was known for being a wise king but in his reign "red rain" is said to have fallen from the sky.  In addition a terrible plague struck the population.

CUNEDAGIUS (850 - 815 BC) was the son of Regan, daughter of King Leir and the wife of Henwinus, Duke of Cornwall.  He killed Marganus I.

MARGANUS I (852 - 850 BC), son of Goneril and Maglaurus, he ruled unlawfully north of the River Humber.  He attacked Cunedagius but was pursued into Wales where he was killed by him at Margam (known as Margon or Marganwc).

MAGLAURUS, Duke of Albany was the husband of Goneril, daughter of King Leir.

CORDELLA was the daughter of King Leir and the wife of Aganippus, King of the Franks.  She was Queen of all Britain on her father's death and ruled from 857 to 852 BC when she was deposed by her two sisters, Regan and Goneril, imprisoned in a tower where she took her own life.

Historical context:  Homer's Iliad, Greek City States, end of King Joash's rule of Judah, late Bronze age.

LEIR (917 - 857 BC) the son of Bladud he ruled for 60 years.  He founded Leicester.  Many of the events of his reign are included in William Shakespeare's "King Lear".

BLADUD (937 - 917 BC) was a leper.  He was son son of Hudibras and founded the city of Bath.  He was known for outlawing necromancy (spiritism).  He was convinced of man's ability to fly and is reputed to have had some wings made and threw himself off a cliff to his death.

HUDIBRAS (976 - 937 BC) was the son of Leil and founded Canterbury, Winchester and Shaftsbury.

LEIL (1001 - 976 BC), the son of Brutus Greenshield, he ruled for 25 years and founded the city of Carlisle (Kaerleil).  On his death civil war broke out.

Note:  We are now back all the way to 1000 BC and there is no mention of hunter-gatherers!

BRUTUS GREENSHIELD (1013 - 1001 BC), the eldest son of Ebraucus

EBRAUCUS (1052 - 1031 BC) son of Mempricus, he became ruler quite young and ruled for 39 years.  During this time he sacked Gaul (France) and founded the city of Kaerbrauc (York).  He was a polygamist and had 20 sons and more than 30 daughters.

MEMPRICIUS (1072 - 1052 BC), son of Maddan.  He was a tyrant and a homosexual.  He murdered his younger brother, Malin.  Finally, after 20 years he was eaten by wolves.

MADDAN (1112 - 1072 BC) was the son of Locrinus and Queen Gwendolen and began his reign after she abdicated in 1112 BC.

GWENDOLEN (1127 - 1112 BC) daughter of Corineus, the King of Cornwall, from whom Cornwall gets it's name, who colonised these islands with Brutus.  She was married to Locrinus by earlier pledge but when he deserted her she killed him and ruled herself.

LOCRINUS (1137 - 1127 BC) elder son of Brutus became king of Loegr (England) from whom it gets it's name.  On his father's death.  His arranged marriage to Gwendolen was not a success and when her father died he deserted her and married Estrildis, making her Queen and had a daughter by her named Habren.  In rage Gwendolen killed Locrinus and drowned Estrildis and her daughter in the River Severn.

BRUTUS (1160 - 1137 BC) the son of Silvius, was the first to colonise these islands after the flood and from whom Britain derives it's name.  His wife was Ignore who married him against her will.  He had three sons, to Locrinus he left Logria (England); to Kamber he left Cambria (Wales) and to Albanactus he left Albany (Scotland stretching down as far as the River Humber).  There was a king called Humber who sought to settle in southern Albany.  He brought his followers from Scythia.  He killed Albanactus in the fighting that followed.  Locrinus then did battle with Humber and captured him.  He drowned him in a river to avenge his brother.  His people fled but settled in various parts of Albany and they were the early Picts.  Brutus came from what is now Italy.  The genealogy of Brutus is traced back to Noah as follows:

He was the son of Silvius.
The son of Alanus.
The son of Felebir.
The son of Ougomun.
The son of Thous.
The son of Bolb.
The son of Simeon.
The son of Mair.
The son of Ethach.
The son of Aurthach.
The son of Ecthet.
The son of Oth.
The son of Abyr.
The son of Rea.
The son of Ezra.
The son of Izrau.
The son of Baath
The son of Iobaath.
The son of Tarshish (Saxon Beaw).
The son of Javan.
The son of Japheth (Lafet or Sceaf).
The son of Noah.
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SIMON BRECK'S ancestors go back 32 generations (I have names of them all) to Gaythelos and Scotia.  However, we must not 'jump the gun'.  Breck led his followers from Ireland but how did they arrive in the Emerald Isle in the first place?

MYCELIUS, king of the Scots in Spain orders that his people go out of Spain to Ireland.  The king's three sons; Hermonius, Pertholomus and Hibertus led the invasion to Ireland but met little resistance as the inhabitants were now of the same race because of the settlements of old.  Hermonus returns to Spain to his father leaving his two brothers in Ireland.  It is clear that Pertholmus becomes ruler of Ireland.

Historical context:  Abdon, Judge of Israel, Siege of Troy took place in Abdon's 6th year.  Shang dynasty in China, New Kingdom in Egypt.

NONAEL succeeds his father Hyber, thus kingship was established.  They remained in Spain for about 240 years being continually attacked by the natives.  Eventually they retreated in poverty to the Pyrenean mountains but they could not sustain themselves.

HYBER, after his father Gaythelos' death, becomes king of the Scots in Spain.

IRELAND:  Having settled in what is now Spain, the Scots begin to explore further.  They discover an island to the north and explore around it and discovered it to be "washed by the sea on all sides".  They return to Brigancia to report to their king.  They find Gaythelos dying but he charges his three sons to go take possession of the island.  The eldest of his sons, Hyber and his brother Hymec, go to the island and take full possession of it, slaughtering some and subdued others.  The island is called Hybernia after him.  Hyber then returns to Spain.  However, according "The Legend of St. Brandon" he called it Scotia, after his mother.  Grosseteste says they first landed in the north of the island and named it Olister (Ulster).  Geoffrey of Monmouth says in his Chronicle that Ireland was inhabited by giants.

WHY WERE THE SCOTS IN SPAIN?
They arrived at the south coast of Spain from Africa, laid up their ships and went ashore to explore.  However they were attacked by the natives of that land and fought many battles but they drove them away.  Gaythelos gave chase and plundered their villages bringing away with him such "treasures as were profitable for them." "The Legend of St. Brandon" says he built a great fort on the river Hyber and called it Brigancia in which they lived and protected themselves.  However, many battles continued and they suffered great losses but always managed to repel the natives.  They were unable to farm to produce food because of the attacks.  It was here in spain that Gaythelos gave his people laws. which had originated in Greece.  Finally, Gaythelos had said it was time to move on and he sent out explorers to search the seas for an uninhabited island for them to settle peacefully.

AFRICA:
Before Spain the Scots inhabited North Africa.  Having no desire to return to Athens he and his, by now, many followers set sail west along that great inland sea we now know as the Mediterranean Sea.  They made their way along the north African coast taking many years, stopping to replenish supplies of food and water.  Gaythelos clearly had great problems with many of his people which included families with children who became quarrelsome because of being confined to small ships on a long journey.  They stopped at many places for a great length of time but declined to settle in these places for fear of being attacked by much stronger warriors.  They settled for a long time in the "province of Numidia along the river Ansaga".  In addition they landed and spent time on many islands but were driven off by war and the need for food.

GAYTHELOS:
Who was Gaythelos and how did he come to be roaming the seas with a band of people?  He was the son of Heolaus who was the king of Athens and a good king, ruling justly but his youngest son, Gaythelos (sometimes rendered Gayel) was rebellious and caused his father much grief.  He caused a great deal of unrest amongst the people of Athens with his cruel misdeeds and his irresponsible behaviour.  His father was at a loss to know what to do with him.  He needed to control his high spirits and find an outlet for his surplus energy.  Then he received an urgent request from the King of Egypt (originally called Etherea) for assistance as they had been invaded by the Ethiopians.  The king sent his son Gaythelos and a large army of  young warriors in ships.

EGYPT:
Egypt has long been regarded as the oldest civilisation (although some would say the Scythians are the oldest).  It was founded by Pharaoh, after whom all kings of Egypt were named and who built the city of Pharus.

When Gaythelos and his army of eager young warriors arrived they found the Ethiopians had laid waste the whole country, even Memphis.  They fought the invaders and finally drove them out of Egypt.  Pharaoh, king of Egypt gave his daughter, Scota,  to Gaythelos in marriage to show his gratitude.  Now Gaythelos was "beautiful in countenance" and was, according to "The Legend of St. Brandon", "conspicuous for strength and boldness."   He accepted the Pharaoh's daughter with a view to becoming king when her father died.

OUTLAW:
There are many different reasons put forward for what happened next and none is supported by reliable evidence.  Gaythelos was driven out of Egypt by the people for some reason.  "John of Fordun's Chronicle" claims Scota's father was the Pharaoh with whom Moses negotiated and who was swallowed up by the Red Sea.  It claims that Gaythelos tried to become king but was driven out by the people.  However the dates are wrong and the Bible makes no mention of an Ethiopian invasion "laying waste" Egypt to add to all the troubles of that stubborn Pharaoh.  Indeed at this time Egypt was strong and wealthy.  (All the evidence points to the Pharaoh of Exodus as being Sobekhotep VI of the 13th dynasty who reigned from 1641 to 1639 BC [see my study on Bible Chronology on this web site]).  "Historia Scholastica" claims Gaythelos and his tribe left Egypt because they thought God would destroy it as He had Sodom and Gomorrah.  The "Grosseteste Chronicles" say "Gayel and his wife fled from the plagues to come",believing the God of the Hebrews could be stronger than their pagan gods.  Many other theories abound.  What ever the reasons the Egyptians drove out Gaythelos, Scota and all his followers amongst whom were many Egyptian nobles, from the city of Heliopolis to the sea.  They set sail west and this was how they came to be trying to settle in north Africa.

Gaythelos' father was Heolaus, also rendered Neolaus, King of Athens.

His father was Fenyas,

His father was Ewan,

His father was Glonyn,

His father was Lamy,

His father was Etheor,

His father was Achnemane,

His father was Choe,

His father was Boib,

His father was Jeyn,

His father was Mayr,

His father was Hethech,

His father was Abyur,

His father was Arthtech,

His father was Aroth,

His father was Jara,

His father was Esralb,

His father was Richaith

His father was Scot. According to the Bible Gomer had three sons; Ashkenaz, Riphath and Togar but according to many ancient Chronicles Gomer is listed as having more sons than these and is almost certain to be the case.  This is not contradicting the Bible as frequently it does not list all children.  For example the sons of Adam were Cain, Abel and Seth but we know they had unmentioned daughters too for the sons of Adam to take to wife.  It follows that Adam and his wife Eve would have had very many other children, some estimates easily as many as one hundred.  One of these other sons of Gomer is listed in one Chronicle as Scota, Scotus or Scot.  This is the first reference to that name in history.

The father of Scot was Gomer.

His father was Japeth (also rendered Japeth, Japhet, Sceaf [Saxon] and Jupiter), one of the three sons of Noah (the other two were Shem and Ham) according to the Bible and many ancient Chronicles.

His father was Noah.

THE BEGINNINGS:
We could begin with the creation of Adam and Eve, our first parents but that has been dealt with elsewhere on this web site.  Our beginnings as far as this study in concerned is with Noah and his family.
 

ORIGINS OF SOME RELATED PLACE NAMES:

ANGLIA:  Named after those tribes who settled here from Germany and the region they called Angulus.

BATH:  Named after it's founder King Bladud (937 - 917 BC).

BILLINGSGATE (London):  King Belinus (380 - 374 BC) was a great road builder and built Billingsgate which was named after him.

BRADFORD:  Bradanforda = Broad ford.

BRITAIN:  Named after King Brutus who ruled Britain from 1160 to 1137 BC.

ISLE OF BUTE:  Ethachius Rothay, great grandson of Simon Brek settled here and gave his name to the island, namely the Isle of Rothisay by which it was known for many years.  Later (Saint) Brandan constructed a booth (a shrine) or bothe in Scots and became known as the Isle of the Bothe, hence Isle of Bute.

CAERLEON-ON-USK:  King Gurguit Barbtruc (374 - 369 BC) lies buried at Caerleon, near Newport, Gwent from which it derives it's name.

CAMBRIA HILLS:  Brutus' son Kamber inherited Wales from his father and Cambria was it's ancient name.

CARLISLE:  King Leil (1001 - 967 BC) founded this city of Kaeleil (City of Leil), hence Carlisle.

COLCHESTER:  King Coel (306 - 309 AD) founded Colchester and is the "Old King Cole" of the nursery rhyme.

CORNWALL:  Corineus, from whom it derives it's name, came over with Brutus and was given what is now Cornwall which became a separate kingdom.

CUMBRIA:  Named after (Saint) Columba who sailed across from Ireland with twelve men.  The Cumbria of the time covered a much larger area than today.  He was named Columba (Latin) after the prophet Jonah (Hebrew).

DUMBARTON:  Alclueclud or Alcluit means Rock of Cluit (Clyde), corrupted to Dumbarton.

EDINBURGH:  Originally a called Agned, during the wars against the Britons king Heth of the Scots restored it and rebuilt it's walls.  Thereafter it was called Hethinburgh (City of Heth) hence Edinburgh.

ESSEX, WESSEX, SUSSEX, MIDDLESEX:  East Saxons, West Saxons etc.

GATESHEAD:  Corruption of Goat's Head.

HIBERNIUM:  Hibernia one time name for Scotland and named after Hyber who led his followers from Ireland.

HUMBER:  From Humbra or Hymbra according to Bede.   Possibly a corruption of Cumber meaning a confluence of the Ouse and Trent.  Possibly named after king Humber who ruled the area.  (See Northumberland).

IPSWICH:  From Gipeswic, Gippeswik, Guppewicus, Yepiswiche, Ipysweche meaning the dwelling on the river Gipa or Gyppa.

KENDAL:  From Kirkeby in Kent Dale or Kirkbie Kendall meaning church town in the valley of the river Kent..

LEICESTER:  King Leir (917 - 857 BC) founded this city and is named after him.  This is Shakespeare's "King Lear".

LICHFIELD:  Lyceitfeldensis according to Bede meaning a fort in a grey wood but could mean a field of corpses.

LINCOLN:  Lindocolina according to Bede probably meaning the castle in the grey wood.

LINDISFARNE or HOLY ISLAND:  Lindisfarorum or Lindisfarnenes according to Bede meaning dwellers in the water.

LONDON:  King Llud ruled Britain from 73 to 58 BC.  He ordered the rebuilding of the walls and towers of the city of Trinovantum which afterwards became known as the City of Lud (actually Kaerlud).  This became corrupted to Kaerludein and later to Ludein, hence London.  Ludgate is named after King Lud where he is buried.

NORFOLK:  North Angles.

NORTHUMBERLAND:  From Nordanhymbri according to Bede or Norohymbralande both meaning a district north of the Humber.

NORTHWICH:  From Northwic meaning north dwelling.

NORTHWOLD:  Nordwolde, Norwolde, Northwaude meaning northwood.

NOTTINGHAM:  From Snotingeham or Scnotingaham Tigguocobauc meaning the home (or little cave or cavern) of Snotinga.

OTLEY:  Otta's lea or meadow.

SCOTLAND:  Originally called Albany, Albania or Albion after Brutus' son Albanactus who inherited the land from his father.  Later it became known as Scotia or Scotus after Scota, daughter of Pharaoh Chencres and mother of the Scots.  It was later referred to as the land of the Scots, hence Scotland.

SOLWAY:  Where the River Esk joins the Solway Firth was originally called Scotiswath, then Sulwath, hence Solway.

SUFFOLK:  South Angles.

WESTMORLAND:  King Marius (57 -97 AD) defeated the king of the Picts at the place named after him, West Marius, hence Westmorland.

WINCHESTER:  Wintancestir; fort or castle on the plain, clearing or open country.

YORK:  King Ebraucus (1052-1013 BC) founded the city and named it Kaebrauc.  The Romans fortified much of it and naming it Eburacum.  In 867 the Danes captured it and named it Yorvick, hence York.
 

The origins of the British people are firmly rooted in Biblical history.  The Scots can be traced back to Noah.  Scota, mother of the Scots was the daughter of an Egyptian Pharaoh.  The Scottish, Irish, Saxon and Norman kings can be traced back to both Japheth and Shem, sons of Noah.
 

Bryce Kaye.

See my own genealogy; 141 generations back to Adam and Eve.