GEOLOGY

CREATION Vs EVOLUTION

DOES THE GEOLOGICAL RECORD SUPPORT CREATION OR EVOLUTION?

GEOLOGY AND THE AGE OF THE EARTH:

Look in any world atlas and you will see the so called geological column. It represents layers of sediment on the earth but there will be no mention of Noah! It will look something like this:

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HOLOCENE 10,000 years ago.

PLEISTOCENE 2 - 4 million years ago (MYA)

PLIOCENE 7-12 MYA.

MIOCENE 26 -45 MYA.

OLIGOCENE 38 - 50 MYA.

EOCENE & PALAEOCENE 65 -92 MYA.

CRETACEOUS 136 - 207 MYA.

JURASSIC 193 - 250 MYA.

TRIASSIC 225 - 257 MYA.

PERMIAN 280 - 335 MYA.

CARBONIFEROUS 345 - 410 MYA.

DEVONIAN 395 - 445 MYA.

SILURIAN 435 - 475 MYA.

ORDOVICIAN 500 - 565 MYA.

CAMBRIAN 570 - 640 MYA.

PRE-CAMBRIAN

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The whole of the above geological column equals approximately 6,000 years in the Bible. How can this be? Am I completely round the bend? Well, I'll go further and say the bulk of the geological column was put down during the world wide flood of Noah's time. What's more we have the evidence on our side. This is known as "CATASTROPHISM", as opposed to the evolutionist's "UNIFORMITARIANISM" which they claim is the gradual laying down of sediments over millions of years. We are also claiming that the fossil record and geology in general supports catastrophism and not uniformitarianism.

Sediments are not laid down in these neat layers anywhere. This column only exists in the minds of evolutionists and the text books they produce. You can be forgiven for thinking this is the true geological column because we are told it is so.

"But aren't the primitive fossils found in the lower rocks and the more modern life forms found in the higher rocks?" I hear you cry. "No, no, no!" is my reply. Firstly the "lower" or "higher" do not in practice mean what they say. They're just terms used by geologists in their imaginary world.

The geological column is constructed by atheist geologists on the assumption that evolution took place and then used to prove evolution took place!

We will look at fossils and the supposed evolution of man, animals, fish and birds a little later. We'll see there's no evidence for evolution and the "tree" which shows we are supposed to have evolved from a single cell into fish, amphibians etc. and finally to man at the top of this tree, is pure imagination.[22] First, lets look at sediment - it's most important.

SEDIMENTS.

The LAW OF SUPERPOSITION is one of geology's basic principles. We learn at school that higher sedimentary rocks were laid down later than those underneath unless there has been a rock movement. This creates a problem for evolutionists because when they date a fossil they do so on the assumption that evolution has taken place. Older rocks they claim are those that contain simpler fossils and younger rocks, more advanced organisms. The problem for them is that there are many places where "older" rocks are on top of "younger" ones. There's no sign of rock movement to bring this about. Most of the earth's rock movements, so called over thrusts, actually show no signs of being over thrusts. They look as if they've been deposited naturally. This presents problems for evolutionists because fossils are in the "wrong" order according to Guy Berthault[23] and Geoff Chapman[24].

WRONG ORDER:   M. P. Billings (an evolutionist) in his book "Structural Geology" (page 157) says that in Clarus (Alps) there is no evidence of overthrust. Yet 280-335 million years old Permian rocks are on top of the 193-250 million years old Jurassic rocks which in turn are on top of the 65-92 million years old Eocene rocks. These are the exact reverse of what they should be and IMPOSSIBLE TO EVOLUTIONISTS!! He says the rocks have moved 21 miles yet there is not a shred of evidence of overthrust.

In the Empire Mountains in Arizona there are 280-335 million years old Permian rocks on top of 136-207 Cretaceous rocks. There is no evidence of movement of any kind. Between the two layers is like corrugated iron so it could not have moved along or it would have worn smooth.

THE LEWIS OVERTHRUST in the Rocky Mountains is similar. Geoff Chapman relays a number of examples in his CSM pamphlet but here I relate perhaps the best known, the Lewis overthrust. Here the supposedly billion years old Pre-Cambrian rocks are on top of the 136-207 million years old Cretaceous rocks for 300 miles and 3 miles deep. If you are an evolutionist you must believe that 12,000 square miles of solid rock has slid 40 or 50 miles without any physical evidence. This is impossible! (If you believe in evolution). Much has been written about the Lewis overthrust and what strikes me is the rather futile attempts by evolutionists to account for this phenomenon.

Guy Berthault of the French Geological and Sedimentology Associations and his team, carried out sedimentation experiments in the laboratory which clearly show that strata build up rapidly in a sideways motion. This means that fossils in the "lower" stratum may have been buried after those on the "higher". The position of fossils in the rock reflects their ecological niches rather than a period of geological time when they supposedly evolved. "Therefore, the position of a stratum in the geological column says nothing about the relative time at which the rock was laid down," says Guy Berthault. This of course, destroys Historical Geology and the time scale Darwin's theory of evolution needs!

Guy Berthault and Pierre Julien presented these results, supported by a 12 minute video, to a standing room only meeting of foremost French sedimentologists at the 4th French Congress of Sedimentology at Lille on 19th November 1993. It has also been published by the Geological Society of France and subject to peer review before publication. The video was sent to sedimentologists world wide with English commentary. Don't take my word for it; write for a copy and see for yourself (details later[25]).

THE LESSON OF MOUNT ST. HELENS.

When I was a boy my father used to take me up into the Yorkshire Dales and we would survey the high fells, Whernside, Ingleborough, Dodd Fell or Pen-y-gent and try and take in the vast, bleak landscape. He would tell me they had taken millions of years to form. He would explain about glaciers carving out the landscape over these long periods. I can actually remember him on the top of Malham Cove, which he loved, waving his arms dramatically despatching millions of years with one gesture as he described how my home landscape had been formed. I listened wide-eyed believing every word. Why? Because we had been told it happened that way. My science teacher told me that Kilnsey Crag had been formed in the Pleistocene period about two million years ago. If he said it had happened that way, who was I to disagree?

In Washington State in north west USA similar stories were no doubt told by fathers and teachers about how their landscape was formed over millions of years. Then one day the top blew off of Mount St. Helens and forged out an identical landscape in just 24 hours! Now with trees and other vegetation growing my father would have stood up there and said that took millions of years to form. You can imagine the brave school boy who would correct his teacher by saying, "Well, sir, actually it only took 24 hours to form in 1980!" You can imagine the response of the teacher; "Don't be silly boy......"

Steven A. Austin Ph.D., Chairman of the Geology Department, Institute of Creation Research Graduate School, California tells us that the eruption of Mount St. Helens took place on 18th May 1980. It was initiated by an earthquake and rock slide involving one half of a cubic mile of rock. He says the summit and north slope of the volcano slide off and pressure was released inside where super hot liquid water flashed into steam. The explosion released energy equivalent to 20 million tons of TNT which toppled 150 square miles of forest in just 6 minutes. In Spirit Lake, north of the volcano, an enormous water wave, initiated by one eighth of a cubic mile of rock slide debris, stripped trees from slopes as high as 850 feet above the pre-eruption water level. The total energy output on 18th May was equivalent to 400 million tons of TNT - that is equivalent to 20,000 Hiroshima size atomic bombs. This and subsequent violent eruptions have accomplished great geological changes in a very short time. The whole area is a geologist's dream as it has produced new landscapes out of the explosions. It serves as a laboratory and research scientists have spent years studying these potent geological processes. Doctor Austin tells us of just four significant discoveries:

SEDIMENTS PUT DOWN IN MINUTES that are identical to those claimed by evolutionists that supposedly took millions of years. Up to 600 feet of strata have formed since the explosion. The deposits accumulated from the primary air blast, landslide, waves on the lake, pyroclastic flows[26], mud flows, air fall and stream water. The most surprising accumulations are the pyroclastic flows that were fluidized, turbulent slurries of fine volcanic debris moving at high speeds producing deposits from 1 millimetre to more than 1 metre thick. These were accumulated in anything up to a few minutes. The deposits accumulated just on the 12th June are 25 feet thick containing many thin laminae (layers) and beds. Evolutionist geologists assume these laminae and beds accumulated over millions of years but it took just one day! They're identical to sedimentary laminae elsewhere.

Thousands of Bible believing scientists believe they accumulated not in millions of years but in the time of the great flood of Noah's time about 2470 BC.

EROSION OF THE LANDSCAPE IN JUST A FEW MINUTES not in hundreds of thousands of years. The present landscape was eroded in just 5 days by 23rd May! This was accomplished by scour from steam blast, landslide, water wave, pyroclastic flows and mud flows. Since the eruption however, the erosion has been dominated by sheet flooding and channel flow of water and mud flows. About 23 miles of North Fork of the Toutle River Valley was obstructed by two thirds of a cubic mile landslip and pyroclastic debris. Exploding jetting steam produced valleys and gullies over 125 feet deep. Typically evolutionist geology would assume this type of landscape had taken hundreds of thousands of years to form - but it took only 5 days! On 19 March a mud flow eroded a canyon 140 feet deep just higher than North Fork. It resembles the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River although much smaller. We know this happened because it was observed.

This shows only days are needed to form a landscape not hundreds of thousands of years. There can be no doubt about this, it was seen happening!

PETRIFIED FORESTS ARE NOT THOUSANDS OF YEARS OLD - JUST DAYS. Evolutionists geologists claim the upright trees in these "petrified forests" show a bottom layer of upright trees are older than another layer above them and so on. Mount St. Helens shows quite the reverse and this was observed, not assumed. A landslide caused two square miles of the lake to be cover with a floating mat of logs. (You may remember them on your TV screen) The trees are sinking to the bed of the lake; first by floating in an upright position, then sinking. The root ball goes down first sinking into the bed which is slowly being covered by more sediment. Then others sink above and so on. It now looks on the bed of the lake that these logs have been layers of forest growing, each layer added thousands of years later according to evolutionists if they had seen them in Yellowstone National Park. These took just weeks to sink! Doctor Harold Coffin of the Geoscience Research Institute estimates there are 19,000 on the bed of the lake in August 1985. How could they have made the wrong assumption at Yellowstone that this process took thousands of years.

It was the flood in Noah's time that deposited these upright trees at Yellowstone.

THE PEAT LAYER IN SPIRIT LAKE IS THE BEGINNING OF COAL FORMATION. This is the last of Steven Austen's four significant discoveries. The enormous log mat on the lake has now lost it's bark and branches due to abrasions and has sunk to the lake bed. It has formed a layer of peat several inches thick, he tells us. This represents in composition and texture certain coal beds of the eastern United States which are also dominated by tree bark and appear to have accumulated beneath floating log mats. Evolutionist geologists claim coal needs many thousands of years to form but clearly this is not so. All the lake needs now is slight heating to transform the peat into coal.

Coal does not need thousands of years to form - just 4 or 5 years.

ROCKS IN COAL SUPPORT THE BIBLICAL FLOOD. Before we explore in detail the origin of coal we should acknowledge that boulders are found in coal. P. H. Price conducted a study of these at Sewell Coal of West Virginia and says; "The average weight of 40 boulders collected was 12 pounds with the largest 161 pounds." Many were igneous (volcanic) and metamorphic unlike other rocks in the area. Rocks are entwined in the roots and transported from a distant area. Thus rocks found in coal support the allochthonous model, i.e., the Biblical flood.

THE ORIGIN OF COAL.

Stuart Nevins, M. S., Professor of Geology[27] says; "Coal gives us one of the strongest arguments for the Biblical flood". He says there are two main theories; First the "autochthonous" theory supposes coal was formed by vegetation accumulating in large fresh water swamps or peat bogs taking thousands of years. The second theory is called "allochthonous" that coal strata accumulated from plants rapidly transported by floods.

The types of fossils found in coal do not support the autochthonous theory. Lepidodendron, Sigillaria and Psaronius may have had limited tolerance of swamps but the main fossils of Cordaites and Calamites and various extinct seed ferns, would only grow in well drained soil and definitely not swamps. The fossils commonly in coal tend to indicate tropical and subtropical climates. Yet Pennsylvania is hardly tropical! Neither is Barnsley! There is though, a Biblical explanation for this which is covered later. Therefore the autochthonous theory is less likely as most swamps with the deepest accumulation of peat are found in the higher latitude cooler climates. Yet modern tropical and subtropical have the most meagre peat. This is because of the increased evaporative power of the sun. This doesn't sound too important now but it will later as it all helps to prove the truth of the Bible.

Professor Nevins goes on to tell us more about the origin of coal. He says it is common to find marine fossils such as fish, mulluscs and brachiopods in coal. Coal balls are rounded masses of matted and exceptionally well preserved plant, animal and marine fossils that are found within coal strata. The small marine tubeworm, Spirorbis, is commonly attached to plants in carboniferous coals of Europe and North America. The occurrence of marine animals with non-marine plants suggests a mixing during transportation that supports the allochthonous theory (flood).

In a paper written before Mount St. Helens erupted, Professor Nevins explores the problem of upright trees as referred to earlier and quite independently comes to the conclusion that petrified forests do not represent thousands of years of gradual formation but a sudden disaster. You can get a copy by writing for this 1977 report[28].

FOSSIL ROOTS were studied 140 years ago by Charles Leyell and J Dawson in Nova Scotia when they claimed they had found unambiguous proof of growth-in-place through their study of the fossil Stigmaria. This is a fossil root or rhizome (a prostate root like stem emitting roots). Stigmaria is frequently found in strata below coal seams and is commonly associated with upright trees, Professor Nevin's says. Many modern geologists still insist that it represents an in situ root in the soil below the coal swamp. However, the Nova Scotia coal sequence was studied by N. A. Rupke who found that there was far more evidence for allochthonous (flood) origin: 1. The fossil is usually fragmented and is rarely attached to the trunk. 2. It shows the orientation of it's long axis is due to more recent action. 3. It is filled with sediment unlike the immediately surrounding rock, and, 4. It is found on multiple horizons in beds that are entirely penetrated by upright trees. HIS RESEARCH CLEARLY SUPPORTS THE BIBLICAL FLOOD!

There is more - lots more and my biggest problem is knowing what to leave out! It is necessary to set down the facts so that the evidence can be weighed properly. The evidence is verifiable and I strongly urge you to check for yourself either by contacting those I have quoted directly or writing to or visiting the Creation Science Movement[29].

CYCLOTHEMS BETTER EXPLAINED BY A FLOOD: Professor Nevins, from his studies in Illinois, West Virginia, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and Pennsylvania, believes that coal occurring in sedimentary strata called a cyclothem is better explained by flood waters.

An idealised Pennsylvanian cyclothem may have strata deposited in ascending order; sandstone, shale, limestone, under clay, coal, shale, limestone, shale. A typical cyclothem however, will normally have missing one or more of these layers. Typical also is that these cyclothems repeat many times with each cycle of deposition accumulated on a previous one.

There are 50 successive cycles in Illinois and over 100 in West Virginia. The actual coal portion of the cyclothem is often quite thin, from an inch to tens of feet but extends laterally to an incredible degree. Many of the above sites have been correlated by modern stratigraphic research. These form a single vast seam of over 100,000 square miles in central and eastern United States. No modern swamp has an area remotely approaching the great Pennsylvania coal field.

If the autochthonous model for the formation of coal (and therefore the evolutionist) is correct a very unusual set of circumstances most have prevailed. An entire region of tens of thousands of square miles would have raised simultaneously relative to sea level to permit a giant swamp to accumulate and then lowered again to allow the ocean to flood the area! If it was raised too far the swamp would have been drained together with it's antiseptic water necessary for the formation of peat! If, during the peat accumulation time the sea invaded the swamp it would have killed the plants and other sediment would have been deposited instead of peat.

The formation of coal this way would involve an incredible balance over many thousands of years between the rate of peat accumulation and the rise of sea level.

"For this to occur once is most improbable but for it to occur 100 times to accommodate the vertical cyclothem section is beyond all reason," says Professor Nevins.

There is no doubt that to the open minded investigator the formation of coal is better explained by the accumulation of material during successive advances and retreats of flood waters - which is compatible with the Bible.

UNDER CLAY SUPPORTS THE FLOOD. This is the portion of the cyclothem which often underlies the coal stratum. Some geologists claim this to be fossil soil on which the swamp existed. It is often claimed as evidence of the autochthonous origin of coal forming plants.

No soil profile evident in modern soils is present in under clays and some of the minerals found in under clay are the wrong type. Instead under clays show coarser grained material at the base and evidence of clay flocculation (tufts). These are simple sedimentary features that would form in any water accumulated layer. Many coal seams do not rest on under clays but on granite, schist, limestone and other rock unsuitable for soil. Under clay without coal above it, or resting on it, is common. The absence of soils mean coal forming plants could not grow, which in turn means transportation of these plants - the Biblical flood in other words!

TEXTURE OF COAL SUPPORTS THE FLOOD. Investigation of the microscopic texture of peat and coal by A. D Cohen, helps us to understand the origin of coal. His comparative structural study was based on modern autochthonous mangrove peat and a rare modern allochthonous beach peat. The former had a mass of intertwining roots whilst the latter has characteristic micro lamination due to a lack of inter grown roots. Cohen says; "A peculiar enigma that developed from the study of the allochthonous peat was that vertical micro tome sections of this material looked more like thin sections of Carboniferous coal (345-410 million years old) than any of the autochthonous samples studied." He notes that the characteristics of his allochthonous are also general characteristics of Carboniferous coals. He says he finds it puzzling! Well, well, he will if he believes in evolution, won't he? If he believed in the Biblical catastrophism rather than uniformitarianism he would not find it a puzzle at all.

HOW IS COAL MADE?

This has been disputed for many years. Professor Nevins tells us:

FIRST THEORY is that time is the major factor in coalification. It has now been recognised that there is no systematic increase in metamorphic rank of coal with increasing age. There are many blatant contradictions.

SECOND THEORY supposes pressure to be the major factor in coal metamorphosis. Many geologists refute this as metamorphic rank does not increase in highly deformed and folded strata. It has also been found that an increase of pressure can actually retard the chemical alteration of peat to coal.

THIRD THEORY is by far the most popular. Temperature is the most important factor. G. R. Hill reported that one of his experiments produced a substance like anthracite in a few minutes by raising the temperature of the peat by using a rapid heating process with much heat being generated by cellulosic material being altered. Thus the forming of coal does not require millions of years of applied pressure and heat but can be produced very quickly by heating.

CONCLUSION:

Coal is produced rapidly by a short heating process according to the evidence. We have seen that the evidence suggests many of the coal layers were accumulated during the flood in Noah's time. Upright fossil trees within the coal seams suggest rapid accumulation of vegetable debris. Marine animals and terrestrial (not swamp dwelling) plants in coal imply transportation (not growth in place) of plant material. Rocks in coal imply transportation. The absence of a soil below many coal strata argue for the drifting of coal forming plants. Coal appears to form a regular and typical portion of the cyclothem, being as clearly water laid as other rocks.

Finally, experiments in the alteration of vegetable material shows the coal resembling anthracite does not demand millions of years to form but can be produced rapidly by a short heating process.

PROFESSOR NEVINS PROVES COAL IS NOT EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION AT ALL! QUITE THE REVERSE - IT IS EVIDENCE OF THE BIBLICAL FLOOD!

STRATIGRAPHY AND THE HISTORY OF THE WORLD.

Guy Berthault of the French Geology and Sedimentology Associations has more results of experiments for us that will be of great interest to evolutionists seeking the truth which I expect to be few:

You remember the geological column? Well, it was Charles Lyell who formulated the idea in 1830 that sediments built up rather like one carpet on top of another. This paved the way for Darwin to formulate his theory of evolution over vast aeons of time. It all seemed so logical, that these sediments were gradually formed and fossils found in the lower layers were older than those found in the upper layers. However, as we have heard and will hear, new experiments show this cannot possibly have taken place. Of course you do not hear about this because the commentators are so keen to prove the theory of evolution that they cannot afford to release to the public the FACTS you are reading about here.

Stratification joints were attributed to the hardening of the upper layer during a period of time when the supply of sediment was interrupted. Fossils within were generally found to be deep sea creatures at the bottom, then fish, followed by reptiles. It all seemed to make sense and the layers seemed to represent periods of time. The further back in time - the lower the layer and the higher the level - the more recent. The problem for evolutionists is that there are no intermediate fossils between these layers which represent the supposed changes of one kind changing into more recent creatures. There would be if evolution had happened. Indeed there would be millions of them but their isn't one! Now, isn't that strange? They've been searching for them ever since Darwin published his theory and despite 150 years of frantic searching and very many false trails, they haven't found a thing.

We've already seen in previous pages how Guy Berthault's experiments rendered Charles Lyell's theory and his geological column obsolete. This has been confirmed by the well known Bijou Creek flood in Colorado in 1965 when after 48 hours of rain, flood waters brought down sediment depositing it up to 12 feet thick. After the water had receded the sedimentologists moved in and McKee, Crosby and Berryhill found that 90% of the site consisted of horizontal strata and were identical to the stratification joints of Charles Lyell's. Only they could not say they were millions of years old, could they/ It had only just happened!

The Glomar Challenger is a deep sea drilling ship and has been drilling all over the world since 1975. It is own by the National Science Foundation of America and managed by the University of California at San Diego. They have found that to a depth of 1000 feet the sediments do not harden, again showing Lyell's arguments to be incorrect. Time and time again results from experiments show that the slow build up of one layer followed by another did not take place. The time scale is reduced to a period ranging from a few days to a few thousand years instead of the millions of years of fairyland geology.

The word "science" means knowledge, not imagination. My Chambers dictionary defines the word "science" as, "Knowledge ascertained by observation and experiment, critically tested..." Why can't evolutionists scientists be objective and stop trying to prove a crack pot theory. More science - less atheistic propaganda."

THE FOSSIL RECORD PROVIDES EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT THE BIBLE, NOT EVOLUTION.

There are 40,000,000 fossils in the well known Smithsonian Institute in Washington DC. If the theory of evolution is correct, how many of these should be intermediate? If Darwin was correct the fossil record would show millions of fossils showing a record of species changing into more advanced species, wouldn't it? After all we're all supposed to have "progressed" from a single cell to people. Surely some would show fins changing into legs and scales into feathers, fore limbs into wings. We would be able to see fish changing into reptiles and partly formed eyes and those half mice - half bats, wouldn't we?

We see on television these presenters of wild life softly speaking the words that this and that bird or animal was descended over millions of years from this or that fish. It sounds as if they know but they don't. Why don't they say, "Go to the Smithsonian Institute in Washington where you will be able to see the fossil record of all this happening"? "They should say there are 40,000,000 fossils all at stages of change to prove evolution. Why don't they say that? Why doesn't our old friend Richard Dawkins say that? Why?

You know what I'm going to say by now, don't you? I don't really need to say it, but I can't resist it! There isn't one intermediate fossil in the whole of the 40,000,000 fossils in the Smithsonian Institution - not one! Now don't you think that's strange? Go on, admit it. If evolution happened there would be oodles of them - millions. Indeed the vast majority of them would show signs of changing into something else but not one of them does - not one! I COULD REST MY CASE AGAINST EVOLUTION RIGHT HERE AND NOW - JUST ON THIS ONE POINT! If you're an evolutionist it's hard to explain but if you believe in creation by God there's nothing to explain. You see, in spite of all you might have heard to the contrary - the fossil record supports Biblical creation not evolution!

There are 250,000 different fossil species known but 150 years after Darwin all the "missing links" are still missing. The bible says different "kinds" don't change or interbreed and the fossil records confirms it.

According to evolution theory, living things have gradually changed over millions of years. We're told that good genetic mutations are an advantage and create improved species.- bad genetic mutations would have a negative result and they would not survive. The fossil record is said by evolutionists to reflect this progression from single cell organisms right up to man. The truth is non have ever been found. What the fossil record does show is that mice are still mice, bats are still bats, lions are still lions, dogs are still dogs and so on. There are no "logs" or "dions", "dice" or "mions". When God created things He made them so that they would reproduce after there own kind and that is exactly what the fossil record shows! That is true whether you like it or not!!

VARIATIONS WITHIN KINDS:

Doctor Duane Gish[30], Vice President of the Institute for Creation Research says there are over 200 varieties of dogs. They can interbreed with wolves, coyotes, jackals and foxes and have fertile off spring. However, God created one kind of dog, Canis. It probably did not look much like our pet dogs of today but he says it had the genetic potential of variability. It is the same with people and our genes show we came from one pair.

DARWINISM AND EVOLUTION ARE IN CRISIS.

Doctor Gish tells us that it is another major problem for evolutionists that the fossil record shows that the basic "kinds" appear fully formed.

Doctor Eryl White, a senior palacontologist[31] and ichthyologist[32] at the British Museum of Natural History said: "But whatever ideas authorities may have on the subject, the lung fishes, like every other major group of fishes that I know anything about, has had it's origin firmly based on nothing." My dictionary defines the word "nothing" as "the non-existent", "no thing", "zero". What could be clearer? There can't be 100 million years of evolution from invertebrate to fish with no trace left in the fossil record! Therefore fish cannot have evolved. Therefore they must have appeared suddenly, which is what the Bible says! As far as I know Doctor White is not a Bible believing Christian - if he is then I beg his pardon.

Many books have been written about evolution and the lack of evidence. Where are those missing links? Some evolutionists believe that evolution did not take place gradually at all:

PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA is the proposal that macro-mutations, very rapid changes, took place. For example it was proposed by Gould and Eldrich that when a reptile laid an egg, a bird hatched out of the egg. Don't laugh - it's a serious proposal to get around the lack of intermediate fossils. What a surprise for all concerned! A further thought is where would the surprised bird find a mate? Don't forget our mathematical exercise earlier! If you are determined to believe in evolution and not God then I suppose it would make you grasp at straws, however irrational. It was G. K. Chesterton who said; "Man will believe anything, just so long as it is not written in the Bible!"

Scientists really are questioning Darwin's theory. Michael Denton, a molecular biologist with two earned doctorates, wrote a book in 1985 called; "Evolution, a Theory in Crisis." I recommend you read this well written book. It's an accurate account of the rapidly accumulating evidence which is destroying almost every cherished tenet of Darwinian evolution. In 1987 a Swedish scientist, Soran Lovtrup wrote another book I recommend you read; "Darwinism, the Refutation of a Myth." In it he says; "I believe one day the Darwinian myth will be ranked the greatest deceit in the history of science." As far as I know, neither are Bible believing Christians.

THE GEOLOGICAL COLUMN illustrated at the start of this section on geology shows Cambrian rocks at the bottom which are the lowest sedimentary layers to contain fossils. Doctor Gish tells us there are virtually no fossils below this. Yet the Cambrian explosion of supposedly 500 million years ago, has a profusion of fully formed kinds. They say these sediments are laid down at a hairs breadth per year but fossils could not form under such slow deposition! Creatures, like today, would decay or be eaten by scavengers. Fossils are not formed today. These billions of fossils found in the Cambrian explosion are best accounted for by the Genesis flood. They include sea urchins, sponges, jelly fish, swimming crustaceans, brachiopods, clams, snails, worms and many other invertebrates (no backbone). Some creatures have complex eyes with perfect vision. If there had been a slow progression from a single cell to complex invertebrates, billions of fossilised ancestors would be recorded in deeper sediments, says Doctor Gish. Not one has ever been found! Isn't that strange? If you are an evolutionist it is! He says in debates all over the world he has asked evolutionists to explain this. First they go silent then begin to talk about something else!

"THE BLIND WATCHMAKER" is a book I recommend you read, by our old friend and atheist Professor Richard Dawkins. On page 229 he says; "The Cambrian strata of rocks, vintage 600 million years, are the oldest ones in which we find most of the major invertebrate groups and we find many of them already in an advanced state of evolution the very first time they appear. It is as if they were planted there without any evolutionary history." Well, there's another giant admission from him! We would certainly agree with that as Christians. I wonder if he is finally getting the message? Alas, no. He is looking for another answer that fits evolution theory otherwise he would have to believe in God. The fact is he agrees that they do not have evolutionary ancestors!

Another evolutionist, Douglas Fatuma has written in his book "Evolutionary Biology", 2nd edition 1986, page 325; "It is considered likely that all the animal phyla[33] became distinct before or during the Cambrian, for they all appear fully formed without intermediates connecting one phylum to another." They you have it! None have ancestors nor any link to another. As Doctor Gish says, evolution demands a continuum of ancestors whereas this discontinuity is precisely what you would expect from Creation.

PUTTING THEIR BACKS INTO IT! What a transformation evolving from an invertebrate (no back bone) to a fish (with back bone). Evolutionists claim it took 100 million years. There are billions upon billions of invertebrate (jelly fish etc.) fossils and billions upon billions of vertebrate (fish) fossils. If evolution is true there would be billions upon billions of intermediates between invertebrates and vertebrates - agreed? You simply have to agree to that! The fossil record would be teeming with them. Yet again there isn't one! None have ever been found! If you're an evolutionist then that's very strange. You see evolution has never happened and the fossil record PROVES IT!

REPTILES, MAMMALS AND WATER: Land reptiles are supposed to have evolved into marine reptiles. Four legged mammals are supposed to have ventured back into the sea in search of food or sanctuary and stayed there gradually evolving into whales and dolphins. This means their tails would change into flukes, their hind legs disappear and their front legs become flippers! Yet whales are wonderfully designed. They can hear directionally under water and their cries carry over vast distances. It dives thousands of feet and it's skull is designed to withstand massive pressure. It's mammary glands jet milk into it's young. How would their young, or even the parents survive during these millions of transitional years? There are none of these transitional fossils to be found anywhere!

FLIGHTS OF FANCY: Fanciful theory tells us flight has evolved four times 1] insects, 2] bats, 3] flying reptiles, and 4] birds. There's not a single intermediate fossil to be found to back up this theory! In a study by John Bruce on dragon flies he says there are about 4,500 varieties. They beat their wings up to 40 times per second. They can fly at 25 mph and even fly backwards. Each eye is made up of 30,000 separate eyes, each with it's own lens. He says the oldest fossils are supposed to be 380 million years old yet they're just like those of today except that they're bigger. That fits the Bible as things were bigger prior to the flood.

A partly evolved flying reptile cannot fly - therefore it would be no advantage to it to begin evolving this way. Why evolve into a part flying reptile? Darwin's theory contradicts itself. Did all this really happen or are we in fairyland again? What do you think?

RED HERRINGS.

So fish evolved into amphibians did they? That's what Darwin said but unfortunately for him that's directly at odds with his own theory! For a fish to grow legs or develop lungs and pop out on the shore from time to time would not make it a better fish, would it? Yet Darwin said that fish mutate for the better and prosper. This would not make it a better fish but, like our half mouse/bat, it would not be changing for the better. The fact that any mutation might be better for the fish in a million years time would not make that fish better at that time and therefore it would not be selected, according to Darwin. You see Darwin's own theory contradicts itself. That's why it's a crack pot theory!

In 1938 a Coelacanth Latimera was fished up off the coast of East Africa. They were supposed to have died out 70 million years ago! It was on displayed on a Japanese postage stamp of the time so it was no secret. Yet we are all supposed to have evolved from these!

FOSSILS OF MISSING LINKS ARE MISSING. That has to be admitted. The can be no doubt at all that there is no evidence for evolution in the fossil record - despite what they say on television. If this evidence cannot be found then evolution is based on faith alone it is a belief! There's nothing wrong with beliefs of course - I have one, I believe Jesus Christ died for me and rose again and because I believe that, He has saved me from the wrath to come.

The writers of the Bible knew nothing of fossils yet the fossil record supports everything the Bible has to say about the origin of life. If, after all the evidence you have read, you still believe in evolution, I sigh quietly and say, "Read on, there's more to come!"

I would ask you to read some of the suggested[34] books and study it for yourself. I know if you do this with an open mind you will have to come to the conclusion that Darwin's theory and all evolution is rubbish. For it to be any other transitional fossils would not be missing. Fossils of non-flying mammals to bats wouldn't be missing. Fossils of land mammals to sea mammals wouldn't be missing - neither would fossils from reptiles to mammals, reptiles to birds, amphibians to reptiles or fish to amphibians. Fossils from primitive to modern plants, single cells to invertebrates or invertebrates to fish wouldn't be missing.

Charles Darwin was at least honest enough to admit many weaknesses in his theory. He knew one major weakness was that none of the missing links had been found (and still haven't). In his "Letters" he says; "There are two or three millions of species on earth...but it must be said today that, in spite of all the efforts of trained observers, not one change of species into another is on record."

IT HAS BEEN FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THAT CONSISTENTLY THROUGHOUT THE FOSSIL RECORD EACH MAJOR KIND APPEARS FULLY FORMED. THEY DO NOT HAVE ANY TRANSITIONAL ANCESTORS. THEY HAVE NO INTERMEDIATE ANCESTORS. INDEED THEY DO NOT HAVE ANY OTHER SPECIES AS ANCESTORS AT ALL!

WE NEED LOOK NO FURTHER THAN THE FOSSIL RECORD - WE HAVE FIRMLY ESTABLISHED THAT EVOLUTION DID NOT TAKE PLACE. OUR ANCESTORS ARE PEOPLE, NOT FISH. THE ONLY THING FISH EVOLVED INTO, TO FOOL THE ATHEISTS, IS RED HERRINGS!

[22] RECOMMENDED READING: "Darwin's Enigma: Fossils and Other Problems" L. Sutherland, Master Books, 1984. "Structural Geology" M. P. Billings. "Principles of Geology" Charles Lyell. "The Nature of the Stratigraphical Record" Derek V. Ager.

[23] Guy Berthault is a Member of the French Geology Association and Member of the French Sedimentology Association.

[24] Geoff Chapman is Director of the Creation Resources Trust.

[25] The address to write to for a copy of the video: Mr P. Wilders, 42 Bd d'Italie, 98000 MONACO. The video tape costs £10 + £4 P&P. Cheques in sterling please made payable to "P. Wilders". (I'm not on commission!)

[26] Hot ash produced by solidification of the earth's internal molten magma.

[27] Stuart E. Nevins, M. S., Assistant Professor of Geology, Christian Heritage College, El Cajon, California, USA.

[28] Address for the report: The Institute for Creation Research, 2716 Madison Avenue, SAN DIEGO, California 92116.

[29] Visit the Creation Science Movement's web site on: www.csm.org.uk or write, and/or subscribe to: CSM, POBox 888, PORTSMOUTH, PO6 2YD and receive the latest fact filled news sheets six times a year.

[30] Duane T. Gish Ph.D., I recommend reading his books: "Evolution: Challenge of the Fossil Record". "Creation Scientists Answer their Critics", "Amazing Story of Creation", "Dinosaurs by Design" available from CSM.

[31] "Palacontogist"; one who studies fossils.

[32] "Ichthyologist"; comes from the Greek word for fish - "Ichthues".

[33] "Phyla"; Creatures are classified in species with a genus - and genera within a family - and families within an order - orders within class - classes within a phylum and phyla within a kingdom. {Dr. Gish}

[34] More recommended reading: John Hill and James Smith, "Bats: A Natural History", British Museum of Natural History. "Biology and Comparitve Physiology of Birds", W. E. Swinton, Academic Press, NY. "Encyclopaedia of Reptiles and Amphibians", Angus d'A Bellairs. "A History of Fishes", J.R Norman, British Museum of Natural History. A.J Monty White, "Why I Believe in Creation", Evangelical Press, (CSM). "Natural History of the Whale", L. Harrison Matthews.